Search method and apparatus for a communication system

ABSTRACT

A method of searching of base stations in a mobile communication system has a first stage of detecting at least one slot boundary, a second stage of detecting at least one frame boundary and a scrambling code group, and a third stage of detecting a scrambling code. Multiple possible base stations are identified by determining a first threshold based on correlation values of correlating the input signal with a primary synchronization channel code. For each hit, the input signal is aligned to the corresponding slot boundary, an average correlation value is based on all correlations with secondary sequences, and a second threshold based on the average correlation value is set. Any delay and codewords that have a correlation value above the second threshold are correlated with the codes in the detected group so as to determine multiple base stations.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a search method and device for a communicationsystem. An example of a cell based mobile communication system is theWideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The U.S. Pat. No. 6,961,565 describes a cell search method and apparatusfor mobile station in a mobile communication system. The time requiredfor a cell search and the accuracy of the cell search is modified bydetermining, during selection of frame boundaries and a scramble code,whether or not the selection results are correct. A mobile stationcauses descramblers to descramble a received signal with eight scramblecodes. Then, a correlator calculates the phases of the scramble codes onthe basis of frame boundaries, and de-spreads the signal with aspreading code for a common pilot channel. The mobile station performsthis operation over a plurality of symbols, and causes averaging processsections to average the results. Then, a peak detector selects ascramble code with which an average correlation coefficient is largest.This maximum average correlation coefficient is output to a detectionresults judging section, which then calculates the ratio of this valueto a reference value calculated inside the mobile station, therebyjudging detection results.

However, the known system is less suitable for detecting multiple basestations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a cell search method and apparatus, acomputer program product and a semiconductor device as described in theaccompanying claims.

Specific embodiments of the invention are set forth in the dependentclaims.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from andelucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further details, aspects and embodiments of the invention will bedescribed, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings.Elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity andhave not necessarily been drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 schematically shows an overview of a mobile communication system;

FIG. 2 shows an example of a synchronization channel radio frame,

FIG. 3 shows an example of selecting a threshold using a histogram

FIG. 4 shows detection of correlation values above a threshold,

FIG. 5 shows an example of the Primary Scrambling Code cross correlationratio versus a number of windows,

FIG. 6 shows a cross correlation ratio versus the length of partialcorrelation windows,

FIG. 7 shows an example of a first stage of a cell search procedure,

FIG. 8 shows an example of a second stage of a cell search procedure,

FIG. 9 shows an example of a third stage of a cell search procedure,

FIG. 10 shows a further example of a first stage of a cell searchprocedure, and

FIG. 11 shows a further example of a second and third stage of a cellsearch procedure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 schematically shows an overview of a mobile communication system.It is noted that in this document a W-CDMA system is used as an example,but the proposed search procedure may be used in any similar cell basedcommunication system.

Further developments may include Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is themost recent step forward in cellular 3G services. LTE is a 3GPPstandard. The LTE physical layer is an efficient means of conveying bothdata and control information between a base station (NodeB) and mobileuser equipment (UE).

FIG. 1 shows multiple base stations BS1, BS2, BS3, BS4, each basestation serving a respective area also called cell. Also a first userequipment (UE) UE0, a second UE UE1 and three objects OB1, OB2, OB3 areshown. FIG. 1 further shows that base station BS1 is transmitting orreceiving a signal to or from the user device UEO via a plurality MP ofpaths. The plurality of paths comprises a direct path MP0 along the lineof sight from the UE UE0 to the base station BS, as well as threereflections MP1, MP2, MP3 along which the signal experiences reflectionson the objects OB1, OB2, OB3. As each path MP0, MP1, MP2, MP3 has adifferent length, the reflections are received by the receiver withdifferent delay and possibly with different phase shifts. The pluralityof paths may further be referred to as a plurality of reflections. Thereceiver assigns a plurality of fingers to de-spread and descramble itsreceived signals, depending on detected reflections according to achannel estimation procedure. The spreading allows transmitting multiplephysical channels concurrently while allowing separation of differentphysical channels of the same source in the receiver. For example, theUE can transmit a Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) and aDedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) at the same time, such thatPILOT symbols of the DPCCH channel can be used to execute channelestimation in the base station and maximum ratio combining (MRC), forexample, on data symbols of the DPDCH channel. The skilled person willappreciate that, since DPCCH and DPDCH transmitted at the same time theyuse exactly the same fingers. Thus, a scrambling code is used todistinguish between the different UEs and BSs.

In such a communication system, there may be a need to detect multiplebase stations which are received by a device, either a user device (UE)or a base station (NodeB, or BS). For example, NodeBs in a selfconfigurable network must perform a search procedure in order to detectneighboring NodeBs. Such search procedure is commonly called a cellsearch procedure. A cell is found when the radio frame boundary andscrambling code are known. The procedure makes use of PSCH (PrimarySynchronization Channel), SSCH (Secondary Synchronization Channel) andCPICH (Common Pilot Channel), dividing cell search procedure into 3stages corresponding to the analysis of each channel.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a synchronization channel radio frame. Theradio frame 20 is transferred via a synchronization channel SCH, and has15 slots (Slot#0 . . . Slot#14) of 2560 chips, totaling to 38400 chips.At the beginning of each slot, 1 unit of 256 chips (ac_(p)) constitute aprimary synchronization channel (PSCH) and also 1 unit of 256 chips(ac_(s)) constitute a secondary synchronization channel (SSCH). The restof 9 units of the slot are empty.

The first stage of the cell search procedure involves detecting a slotboundary by correlating the input signal with the PSCH code anddetecting correlation peaks, which indicate a possible BS slot boundarydetect.

During the second stage, the algorithm searches for frame boundary andscrambling code group using SSCH. A correlation is done between the slotaligned input signal and every SSCH sequence at every possible framedelay. Correlation peaks identify a frame boundary (by slot and in-slotdelay) and code group (by sequence).

The third stage involves detecting the base-station's scrambling code bycorrelating the frame aligned input signal with a predefined number ofscrambling codes, e.g. 8, in the scrambling code group as detected atthe second stage.

The input signal may be oversampled (e.g. Over-Sampling-Rate=2 or 4),which enables two options. One is to treat separately each samplingphase to have better aligning. The other is to combine both samplingphases to get better signal to noise ratio (SNR). Given that cell searchis basically a synchronization procedure and the sampling circuit isvery unlikely to be in phase with the input signal, it's best toseparate the different samples corresponding to the same chip.

It is noted that, with the deployment of self-organizing networks, cellsearch is no longer a user equipment specific procedure, as the searchis also performed by base stations, e.g. small cell base stations.Existing cell search solutions are designed for user equipment and focuson detecting only the strongest NodeB on a carrier. NodeBs in selfconfigurable networks need to detect as many neighbors as possible.Although the broad cell search follows similar stages, a differentapproach is proposed for the broad search scenario. Thereto a method ofproperly selecting the thresholds is described now.

A method for searching of a base station in a mobile communicationsystem has three stages as discussed above. A first stage involvesdetecting at least one slot boundary by correlating an input signal witha primary synchronization channel (PSCH) code and detecting at least onecorrelation peak. A second stage involves detecting at least one frameboundary in accordance with a frame delay and a scrambling code group bycorrelating a slot aligned input signal aligned to the detected slotboundary with a secondary synchronization channel (SSCH) code, andcorrelating multiple SSCH sequences at multiple possible frame delaysfor identifying frame boundaries and identifying a code group by therespective SSCH sequence. A third stage involves detecting a scramblingcode by correlating a frame aligned input signal aligned to the frameboundary with the codes in the code group as identified at the secondstage.

In the traditional UE case, computational complexity reduction is apriority and can be achieved by selecting high thresholds for all cellsearch stages, resulting in few or no false detects that have to beeliminated in the scrambling code identification stage.

In the NodeB scenario, the procedure has to detect as many base-stationsas possible. As described now this is done by properly selectingthresholds, keeping a balance between the number of detects andcomputational complexity, while ensuring no false detects in last stage.

The first stage comprises identifying multiple possible base stationslot boundaries by determining a first threshold based on correlationvalues of said correlating the input signal with a primarysynchronization channel (PSCH) code, and selecting the possible basestation slot boundaries corresponding to delay hits above the firstthreshold. The first threshold may be based on an average of allcorrelation values. Optionally, the first stage includes determining thefirst threshold based on a histogram of bins of correlation values. Inthe histogram, a bin is selected which is above the average and has zeroor a minimum of delay hits. The bin correlation value assigned to thatbin is used to set the first threshold. Optionally the bin correlationvalue is further processed, e.g. scaled or increased by a predeterminedfactor.

The second stage, for each of said delay hits of the first stage,involves aligning the input signal to the corresponding slot boundary.Subsequently, an average correlation value for all correlations withsaid SSCH sequences is computed. Then a second threshold is set based onthe average correlation value.

The third stage involves processing any delay and codeword that have acorrelation value above the second threshold for computing thecorrelation with the codes in the detected group so as to determinemultiple base stations.

An antenna signal is input for the cell search procedure along,optionally with a few parameters that allow adjusting the procedure'sbehavior. Such parameters may be: high or low thresholds, number ofslots to accumulate correlation in the first 2 stages, number of windowsto accumulate PSC correlations, number of detects per first stage group,etc.

The first stage involves computing correlation with the PSCH code.Optionally, in the first stage, correlation is computed via two cascadedfilters, each filter having a predetermined number of filtercoefficients. Optionally, each filter has 16 filter coefficients. Thetwo cascaded filters may be matched to the Gold sequences that generatethe PSCH code. The filter output is accumulated on a slot basis(correlations corresponding to the same in-slot delay are accumulated),so non-coherent accumulation is used. The result is a vector of length:2560 (chips per slot)*OSR (oversampling rate) with the correlationvalues corresponding to every possible slot boundary.

The correlation may be computed as follows. The PSCH code is a 256 chipsequence generated through a Kronecker product of two 16-chip vectors(refer to 5.2.3.1 in ETSI TS25.213, i.e. 3rd Generation PartnershipProject (3GPP); Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Spreading and modulation (FDD) (Release 9)).

In this way the correlation can be easily done with two cascadedfilters, each with 16 coefficients, instead of one 256 multiply andaccumulate block (MAC). This means instead of doing 256 MACs, there areonly 16+16 MACs to compute correlation for one delay. Suppose thecorrelation is done over one frame; that means 2560 values to accumulateover 15 slots resulting in approximately 2.6 MMACs using 2 matchedfilters instead of 19.6 MMACs for a classic correlation computation. Ifthe used threshold is high and few peaks are further analyzed, this hasa great contribution in reducing arithmetic complexity.

In the first stage, a first threshold is computed using a histogram inorder to optimize performance. For easier implementation and fasterprocessing, histogram bins may have a width of 2^(n). If so, thehistogram may be generated by right shifting all correlation values withn bits and then mapping every value on a bin, because incrementing thebin corresponds to each value. This approach avoids comparisons forevery correlation value or sorting them thus being more efficient.

Once the histogram is build the algorithm searches for a histogram binabove average that has 0 hits or minimum hits. This is equivalent tofinding a gap between the correlation values that are considered noiseand those that correspond to a NodeB.

FIG. 3 shows an example of selecting a threshold using a histogram. In agraph histogram bins are set along the horizontal axis, and the numberof correlation values in each bin along the vertical axis. The curve 30depicts the histogram as determined. In an enlarge section an arrow 31indicates the histogram bin above average that has 0 hits or minimumhits. The first threshold is based on the correlation valuecorresponding to that bin. The threshold can be adjusted by using aweighting factor or by choosing different lengths for the histogram.

Optionally, for flexibility in adjusting the threshold in order to becompatible with the extensive cell search, a factor is introduced tomove the threshold between histogram peak and found bin. The thresholdcan also be lowered also by increasing the number of histogram bins(basically shrinking the searched gap in correlation values). If a smallfactor is chosen and the threshold is closer to histogram peak, thealgorithm behaves very similar to weighted average method.

FIG. 4 shows detection of correlation values above a threshold. In agraph delay values are set along the horizontal axis, and thecorrelation values along the vertical axis. The curve 40 depicts thefirst threshold as determined. The computed threshold 40 is used todetect possible slot boundaries. Optionally, in order to optimize thesearch when low thresholds are used, only correlation local maximumsabove threshold are detected, as illustrated by local maximum 41, whilethe neighbouring correlation values are ignored although they exceed thethreshold.

Optionally, the first stage detects (i.e. a delay value corresponding ofwhich the correlation exceeds the first threshold) are grouped and thenfollowing stages run for every group. Optionally, detects correspondingto higher correlation values are processed first. Thereto a secondhistogram may be generated using normalized correlation values of thedetects in order to sort the detects.

In the second stage, for every first stage detect, the input signal isaligned to the corresponding slot boundary. Subsequently SSCH codescorrelation is computed with every slot and correlation values arecombined according to the SSCH codeword table in order to obtaincorrelation with SSCH code-words. The second stage may be performed forthe respective groups of detects as formed in the first stage.

Compared to the traditional UE S-SCH cell search stage, where predefinedthreshold values can be used (based on Constant False Alarm Rate), aNodeB cell search must compute the threshold at runtime to maximizenumber of detections while minimizing false detections. Optionally, allS-SCH correlation averages are used (for each detected P-SCH delay) toaccount for their large variation. Local averaged thresholds (per firststage detected delay) may be used, or an average of all localthresholds. In an experimental example, 4399 detects were found usinglocal threshold versus 1036 detects using the average of all thresholds,while all eliminated peaks proved to be false detects.

For selecting the potential correlation peaks in the second stage asecond threshold is formed. After computing correlation with SSCHcode-words, a difference compared to the first stage is that there are960 correlation values for every first stage detected peak (64code-words*15 slot delays). Optionally, the histogram approach is usedto determine the second threshold, which for fast cell search performsgood, similar to PSCH detection. For extensive search though, it hasbeen observed that the threshold corresponding to every first stagedetect is varying significantly which means that for the same inputsignal, different second thresholds will be used. In an extensive searchthis may not be desired because it may introduce extra detects whileexcluding some possible true detects.

Optionally, the same second threshold is applied to all correlationvalues from the second stage. An average of all correlation values maybe computed and weighted with a factor. Thereto codeword correlationvalues are accumulated and averaged in order to get the secondthreshold.

The second threshold is computed by weighting the average. Optionallyfor grouped first stage detects, the same accumulator may be used forevery second stage call for updating the threshold. All delays andcode-words that exhibit correlation above the second threshold areprocessed in the third stage.

In the second stage frame synchronization is performed. Frame boundarydetection basically has two steps: correlation with SSCH codes andcorrelation with SSCH code-words. The first step involves correlatingevery slot from the slot aligned input signal with every SSCH code. Thesecond step may be implemented in two different ways: one that implies ahard decision after SSCH correlation with every slot and a second thatfollows a soft decision approach.

The hard decision method proposes that after correlating the 16 SSCHcodes with one slot (first 256 chips), a decision has to be made,picking the most correlated code. This is done for all the availableslots, forming a code-word. Then the algorithm searches in theapplicable code table (e.g. see TS25.213-Table 4) for the closestcode-words and their delays. This is a basic algorithm that requiresminimum resources. Estimated operations for the analysis of one radioframe:

N1=15[slots]·16 [codes]·256[chips] MACs for correlation with SSCH codes,

N2=15[slots]·16[codes] comparisons for determining the best matchingcode for every slot

N3=15[codes]·64[codewords]·15[delays] MACs for searching the bestcode-word.

This gives an approximate of 76 KMACs. However, this method has thedisadvantage that it makes two “less informed” decisions rather than asingle decision having all the correlation information available. Alsothe second decision has to be made having a very low resolution for thecorrelation with the code-word table (maximum match is 15, minimum is 0and the step is 1). This may be a problem when the threshold is loweredfor a fine search. If the algorithm is used to search for strong peaksand the target base-station signals have a good SNR, then thelimitations of the hard decision method are not significant.

The soft decision method proposes a correlation table for all thecode-words (64), all possible delays (frame delays: 0-14) with the slotaligned input signal. After generating this table, the words and delayswith correlation above chosen threshold are taken in consideration forthe next stage. Without any optimizations the second method may be moretime consuming due to the large number of correlations. For one framethe arithmetic complexity would be:

N=15[slots]·64[codewords]·15[delays]·256[chips]

That means 3.7 GMACs. An efficient optimization is to computecorrelation with every SSCH code for every slot (just like hard decisionmethod) and then form the correlation matrix by accumulatingcorrelations for every code-word and every delay. This way, thecorrelation between a code and a slot is calculated only once. In thiscase, the arithmetic complexity reduces to:

N1=15[slots]·16 [codes]·256[chips] MACs for correlation with SSCH codes,

N2=15[codes]·64[codewords]·15[delays] accumulations to form the table.

The modified soft decision algorithm reaches same complexity as the onethat implements hard decision. The advantage is that only one decisionis made at the end, and in the case of lowering the threshold for a finesearch, the resolution is much better than the first method. Also, forbad SNR, the correlation peaks are more distinguished.

The third stage has a similar flow for every second stage detect. Theinput signal is frame aligned, and the correlation is computed with therespective codes, which may be in the detected group. The correlationsare accumulated and may be used for computing and updating the secondthreshold. Finally, for each detected peak, the PSC is detected.Optionally, after the second and third stages are completed, process allgroups, the Stage 3 threshold (computed using all PSC correlationvalues) is used to double check all detected PSCs.

In the scrambling code detection stage, the threshold has to be set sothat there are no false detects. In the first two stages the thresholdscan be lowered, given that the procedure has to detect as many BSs aspossible regardless of their SNR or path attenuation. Loweringthresholds introduces more false detects in the analysis, relying on thethird stage to eliminate them, but also increasing the detectionpossibility for BSs with weaker signal. This leads to computing a largenumber of correlations with scrambling codes. So the third stage is thefinal step in detecting a NodeB. Detecting is based on correlation withPrimary Scrambling Codes (PSC) transmitted on CPICH physical channel. Inthe third stage, windows may be used to calculate correlation, asfollows.

Due to the length of the scrambling codes, frequency offset has to betaken into account. For example, for a 760 Hz frequency offset, thephase wrap)(360° is achieved after approximately 5052 chips. Thescrambling code has 38400 chips. A classic coherent combining of thecorrelation sum is not a good option in this case. Instead, anon-coherent correlation scheme may be implemented. Correlation will becomputed by non-coherent accumulation of correlations computed onseveral windows.

The window size effectively sets the coherency length. Scrambling codesare pseudo-random codes so the wider the correlation window is, thebetter the cross-correlation between scrambling codes.

FIG. 5 shows an example of the Primary Scrambling Code cross correlationratio versus a number of windows. In a graph a number of windows is setalong the horizontal axis, and the PSC cross correlation ratio in dBalong the vertical axis. The curve 50 depicts the effective crosscorrelation. Based on the Figure can be seen that the number of windowsmust be more than about 5 to not decrease the cross correlation by morethan 1,5 dB. Between 5 and 25 windows, the ratios present a differenceof approximately 1.5 [dB] and the arithmetic complexity is reduced 5times. It can be considered a good compromise given that CPICH power isslightly higher than the power of sync channels. Also, scrambling codeshave better correlation properties than sync codes (due to length andgeneration mode).

Without any information regarding power control or ADC gain, thethreshold can't be chosen as an absolute value—it is set relative to theother correlations. The third stage threshold may be chosen in the samemanner as second stage threshold. Comparing the maximum correlation fromone group only with the other 7 correlation values from the same groupmay be insufficient and may lead to undetected peaks or having to choosea higher threshold weighting factor to ensure no false detects in thelast stage.

The initial approach to the third stage threshold was that for everygroup, the maximum correlation would be compared with the average of theother 7 correlation values. A weighting coefficient may be determined inpractice to get the maximum ratio for a false detect. Adding a safetyguard to the maximum false detect ratio (multiply with a coefficient)will give the third threshold. Optionally, one threshold for all thirdstage correlation values is based on an overall average, not a localaverage.

On the other hand, because of the frequency offset, the window has to bechosen as small as possible to avoid canceling sums due to phase wrap. Agood compromise can be found based on the practical conditions. For aseries of window lengths (in the range of 1000 to 5000 chips) and givenan offset frequency of 900 Hz the minimum value of the following ratiois computed for a set of scrambling code pairs:

${{CR} = \frac{r_{xx}(0)}{\max ( {r_{xy}(n)} )}};{n = \overset{\_}{0.38399}}$

Where:

-   -   r_(xx ()0) is the maximum cross-correlation of scrambling code x        with scrambling code x having 900 Hz frequency offset.    -   max (r_(xy)(n)) is the maximum cross-correlation of scrambling        code x with scrambling code y having 900 Hz frequency offset at        n chip delay.

FIG. 6 shows a cross correlation ratio versus the length of partialcorrelation windows. In a graph, window lengths are set along thehorizontal axis, and the PSC cross correlation ration in dB along thevertical axis. The curve 60 depicts the effective cross correlation fora practical value of frequency offset. The figure shows how the crosscorrelation ratio is influenced by window length. Based on this theoptimum size is chosen. Based on the Figure can be seen that the windowsize must be less than about 2500 chips to not decrease the crosscorrelation by more than 1 dB.

It is noted that for a search procedure for multiple base stations it isimportant to choose the thresholds for detecting correlation peaks, i.e.a compromise between speed and number of detects. There are two distinctapproaches in this area. Either set high thresholds and detect only afew NodeBs very fast or lower thresholds to detect everything possible.In the first method, it is very important to find the threshold that hasvery few false detects while not missing any obvious peaks. For bothmethods, focus is on reducing arithmetic complexity. Optionally, theactual implementation may have one or more controllable parameters thatset the algorithm anywhere between the two extremes. This enablesintegration in a higher level application that needs such flexibilityfor optimizing resource management. For example: when connecting to thenetwork, start an initial fast cell search to quickly determine theclosest BSs and to be able to perform other functionalities, then starta more extensive search that runs in background. Optionally, the searchdoesn't run in real time, and the antenna signal is stored in a bufferand analyzed afterwards (offline cell search).

In summary, in a base station cell search, the procedure may involve thefollowing steps, applied on a WCDMA frame, as shown in the FIGS. 7, 8and 9.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a first stage of a cell search procedure. Ina flow diagram a first stage 70 involves the following for slot boundarydetection. Input data is received at the step IQ DATA. Subsequently acorrelation with the P-SCH code is computed in step P-SCH CORR. Next, ahistogram is generated as described above in step HIST. Next, athreshold is computed in step SEL TRH using the histogram. Next, anydelay of local maximum correlation values above threshold is detected instep DET. This takes into account multi-path propagation and the factthat one detected path per NodeB suffices. The output of the first stageis a set of delay values N1 DEL, which are provided to the second stage.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a second stage of a cell search procedure. Ina flow diagram a second stage 80 involves the following for frameboundary detection. Input data N1 DEL is received from the first stage.Subsequently a correlation with the S-SCH code-words is computed in stepS-SCH CORR. Next, for each delay found in previous step, an average iscomputed of all correlations with S-SCH code words in step AVG CORR.Next a threshold is computed in step AVG TRH based on all averagescomputed in previous step. Next any delay of correlation values abovethe threshold is detected in step DET using the second threshold to findframe synchronization and code group. The output of the second stage isa set of scrambling code groups N2 SCG, which are provided to the thirdstage.

FIG. 9 shows an example of a third stage of a cell search procedure. Ina flow diagram a third stage 90 involves the following for primaryscrambling code detection. Input data N2 SCG is received from the secondstage. Subsequently, for each frame boundary and SCG, 8 correlationswith the PSC's in the group are computed in step PSC CORR. Correlationmay be computed using a number of windows of predefined length. Next, anaverage is computed of all correlations with PSC in step AVG CORR. Next,a threshold is computed in step AVG TRH based on all averages computedin previous step. Next, correlation values above the threshold aredetected in step DET using the third threshold to find framesynchronization and code group. The output of the third stage is a setof scrambling codes/frame boundaries N3 PSC, which are the identifiedbase stations having the NodeB scrambling codes.

FIG. 10 shows a further example of a first stage of a cell searchprocedure. In a flow diagram a first stage 100 involves the following.Antenna data as Input data is received at the step ANT DATA.Subsequently, a correlation with the P-SCH code is computed via matchedfilters in step P-SCH FILT. Next, step ACC PSCH CORR accumulates thePSCH correlation over N slots. Next, step NORM PSCH CORR normalize thePSCH correlation values. Next, step PSCH CORR HIST computes the PSCHcorrelation histogram. Next, step SEL BIN TRH finds the histogram binwith least hits and computes the corresponding first threshold. Next,step DET LOC MAX detects the correlation local maximums that are abovethe first threshold. Next, step HIST DET CORR computes a histogram ofdetected correlations. Next, step GROUP organizes the first stagedetects in groups of fixed length in order of their correlation value,which achieves a rough sort. Now the resulting group data are providedto a loop for every group involving the second and third stage, asindicated by arrow 101, which connects to the next flow diagram depictedin FIG. 11. Finally, when the detection results of the third stage arereceived, in step VER DET, the detects of the third stage are doublechecked by correlating with the primary scrambling code PSC.

FIG. 11 shows a further example of a second and third stage of a cellsearch procedure. In a flow diagram 110 a second stage 112 and thirdstage 113 involve the following. Detected group data as input data isreceived from the first stage as shown in FIG. 10 by arrow 101 at thestep WG1 while any first stage groups left. Subsequently, a loop isstarted in the second stage 112 at step FG for every detect in a group.Next in the loop, step ALIG_SB aligns the input signal to the slotboundary according to detected delay. Next in the loop, stepCORR_S-SCH-C compute S-SCH codes correlation. Next in the loop, stepCORR_S-SCH-W computes S-SCH code-words correlations. When the loopfinalizes, step AVG-THR averages all S-SCH words correlations andcomputes, respectively updates a second threshold. Next, step DET_GRdetects SSCH word correlations above the second threshold. Optionally,the results are grouped similar to the first stage.

Subsequently, the procedure proceeds to the third stage 113. A loop isstarted for every second stage detect at step FS2. In the loop, stepALIG_FB aligns the input signal to the frame boundary according todetected delay. Next in the loop, step CORR_PSC_GR computes PSC groupcorrelations. Next in the loop, step LOC_THR_DET computes a localthreshold and detects the PSC. Finally, when the third stage loopterminates, step AVG_PSC_CORR averages all PSC correlations and maycompute or update the second threshold. The procedure now proceeds toprocess the next group at step WG1, or terminates by reporting thedetected base stations.

Optionally, in the above method, in the first stage, correlation valuesare determined by accumulating correlations corresponding to a samein-slot delay. Accumulating increases the accuracy of the correlation.

Optionally, in the first stage, the bins of correlation values havewidths corresponding to 2^(n), n being an integer larger than 1, and thecorrelation values are assigned to the respective bins by right shiftingwith n bits. Such selected widths reduce the required computation.

Optionally, in the first stage, adjacent correlation values above thefirst threshold are grouped, and a highest correlation value in suchgroup is processed. Such a group may be generated by a single basestation, and the best correlation value is used.

Optionally, in the second stage, the second threshold value is based ona weighted average of the correlation values of the secondarysynchronization channel (SSCH) code groups corresponding to selectedpossible base station slot boundaries corresponding to delay hits abovethe first threshold.

Optionally, the second stage comprises taking a soft decision bydetermining a correlation table for every SSCH code and all possibleframe delays using the slot aligned input signal, and using thecorrelation table, selecting the code words and frame delays with acorrelation value above the second threshold for processing in the thirdstage. Taking the soft decision may comprise computing the correlationvalue with every SSCH code for every slot and subsequently forming acorrelation matrix by accumulating correlations for every code-word andevery delay so as to calculate the correlation between a code word and aslot only once.

The third stage may include determining a correlation with a primaryscrambling code (PSC) on a common pilot channel (CPICH) for detectingeach respective one of said multiple base stations. Finally determiningthe PSC correlation verifies the actual presence of the signals of thecorresponding base station.

Optionally, the third stage comprises determining the correlation valuesbased on a non-coherent correlation scheme by non-coherent accumulationcomputed on multiple windows. The non-coherent correlation scheme mayuse partial correlation, e.g. for accommodating frequency differences asdescribed above. For such windows, the window size may be determined,while using scrambling codes that are pseudo-random codes, on one handas wide as possible so as to avoid cross-correlation between suchscrambling codes, and on the other hand, as small as possible to avoidcanceling sums due to phase wrap due to possible frequency offsetbetween clocks in the base station and the receiving station. Inpractice, the window size may be determined to be in the range of 1000to 5000 chips, while using a code having 38400 chips. Furthermore, thewindow size may be determined to cover an integer number of symbols. Thelength of the symbol, may be 256 chips, which corresponds to the lengthof the CPICH channelization code. This may reduce computational loadwhen later determining the values of such symbols, because correlationvalues have already been calculated. In a practical example, the windowsize may be set to 1536 chips.

Optionally, the first and/or second threshold are adapted for a firstoperational mode for enabling a relatively fast search for determining anearby base station, and a second operational mode for enabling arelatively extensive search for determining a multitude of basestations. The first operational mode may be a startup mode, where it isrequired to connect to just one, preferably the strongest, base station.This mode is similar to a User Equipment search. However, if the searchis performed by the NodeB it's not for connection purposes; a basestation may search for other base stations in order to not interferewith them and be able to do a hand over procedure without having priorinformation regarding radio network planning, i.e. in a self organizednetwork. Subsequently, in the second operational mode, e.g. for normaluse, all base stations in reach are to be found.

The above cell search procedure may be implemented in any radio devicethat needs to communicate to multiple base stations. Such device isrequired to search for multiple base stations in a mobile communicationsystem. The device is arranged to perform the method according to any ofthe above described embodiments. For example, the device is a basestation (such as BS1 in FIG. 1). Also, the device may be a semiconductordevice for a communication device. Also, the device may be a receivercomprising a programmable processor, the programmable processor beingarranged to execute a program code comprising instructions for causingthe programmable processor to perform the method. Also, the receiver maycomprise a semiconductor circuitry, the semiconductor circuitry beingspecially designed to execute the above method.

Optionally, the program code may be provided on a computer readablemedium, also called a medium comprising a computer program product, thecomputer program product comprising instructions for causing a processorapparatus to perform the above cell search method. The computer programproduct may further comprise instructions for causing a processorapparatus to perform other processing stages of the receive chain, suchas frequency domain processing. The computer program product may beembodied on a computer readable medium as physical marks or by means ofmagnetization of the computer readable medium, e.g. an optical disc, ahard disk, solid state memory, flash memory, etc., and may benon-recordable or recordable.

The invention may thus also be implemented in a computer program forrunning on a computer system, at least including code portions forperforming steps of a method according to the invention when run on aprogrammable apparatus, such as a computer system or enabling aprogrammable apparatus to perform functions of a device or systemaccording to the invention. The computer program may for instanceinclude one or more of: a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an objectmethod, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet,a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic loadlibrary and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution ona computer system.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific examples of embodiments of the invention. It will,however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be madetherein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of theinvention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, theconnections may be any type of connection suitable to transfer signalsfrom or to the respective nodes, units or devices, for example viaintermediate devices. Accordingly, unless implied or stated otherwisethe connections may for example be direct connections or indirectconnections.

Because the apparatus implementing the present invention is, for themost part, composed of electronic components and circuits known to thoseskilled in the art, circuit details will not be explained in any greaterextent than that considered necessary as illustrated above, for theunderstanding and appreciation of the underlying concepts of the presentinvention and in order not to obfuscate or distract from the teachingsof the present invention.

Although the invention has been described with respect to specificconductivity types or polarity of potentials, skilled artisansappreciated that conductivity types and polarities of potentials may bereversed.

Moreover, the terms “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under”and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used fordescriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanentrelative positions. It is understood that the terms so used areinterchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that theembodiments of the invention described herein are, for example, capableof operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwisedescribed herein.

Some of the above embodiments, as applicable, may be implemented using avariety of different information processing systems. Those skilled inthe art will recognize that the boundaries between logic blocks aremerely illustrative and that alternative embodiments may merge logicblocks or circuit elements or impose an alternate decomposition offunctionality upon various logic blocks or circuit elements.

Thus, it is to be understood that the architectures depicted herein aremerely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can beimplemented which achieve the same functionality. In an abstract, butstill definite sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the samefunctionality is effectively “associated” such that the desiredfunctionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined toachieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” eachother such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components soassociated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or“operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality.

Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that boundariesbetween the functionality of the above described operations are merelyillustrative. The functionality of multiple operations may be combinedinto a single operation, and/or the functionality of a single operationmay be distributed in additional operations. Moreover, alternativeembodiments may include multiple instances of a particular operation,and the order of operations may be altered in various other embodiments.

Also, the invention is not limited to physical devices or unitsimplemented in non-programmable hardware but can also be applied inprogrammable devices or units able to perform the desired devicefunctions by operating in accordance with suitable program code.Furthermore, the devices may be physically distributed over a number ofapparatuses, while functionally operating as a single device. Also,devices functionally forming separate devices may be integrated in asingle physical device. Also, the units and circuits may be suitablycombined in one or more semiconductor devices.

However, other modifications, variations and alternatives are alsopossible. The specifications and drawings are, accordingly, to beregarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense.

In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall notbe construed as limiting the claim. The word ‘comprising’ does notexclude the presence of other elements or steps then those listed in aclaim. Furthermore, the terms “a” or “an,” as used herein, are definedas one or more than one. Also, the use of introductory phrases such as“at least one” and “one or more” in the claims should not be construedto imply that the introduction of another claim element by theindefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containingsuch introduced claim element to inventions containing only one suchelement, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “oneor more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an.”The same holds true for the use of definite articles. Unless statedotherwise, terms such as “first” and “second” are used to arbitrarilydistinguish between the elements such terms describe. Thus, these termsare not necessarily intended to indicate temporal or otherprioritization of such elements. The mere fact that certain measures arerecited in mutually different claims does not indicate that acombination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

1. A method for searching of base stations in a mobile communicationsystem, the method comprising detecting at least one slot boundary,wherein said detecting the at least one slot boundary comprisescorrelating an input signal with a primary synchronization channel codeand detecting at least one correlation peak, determining a firstthreshold based on correlation values of said correlating the inputsignal with a primary synchronization channel code, and selecting thepossible base station slot boundaries corresponding to delay hits abovethe first threshold; detecting at least one frame boundary in accordancewith a frame delay and a scrambling code group, wherein said detectingthe at least one frame boundary comprises correlating a slot alignedinput signal aligned to the detected slot boundary with secondarysynchronization channel (SSCH) codes for combining the SSCH codes intocode words, correlating multiple SSCH sequences at multiple possibleframe delays for identifying frame boundaries and identifying a codegroup by the respective SSCH sequence, for each of said delay hits abovethe first threshold, aligning the input signal to the corresponding slotboundary, computing an average correlation value based on allcorrelations with said SSCH sequences, and setting a second thresholdbased on the average correlation value; and detecting a scrambling code,wherein said detecting the scrambling code comprises correlating a framealigned input signal aligned to the frame boundary with the codes in thecode group as identified at the second stage, and processing any delayand codeword that have a correlation value above the second thresholdfor computing the correlation with the codes in the detected group so asto determine multiple base stations.
 2. The method as claimed in claim1, wherein, in the first stage, correlation is computed via two cascadedfilters, each filter having a predetermined number of filtercoefficients.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein each filterhas 16 filter coefficients.
 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, furthercomprising: determining the first threshold is-based on a histogram ofbins of correlation values; determining a bin above the average that haszero or a minimum of delay hits; and setting the first thresholdaccording to the determined bin.
 5. The method as claimed in claim 4,further comprising weighting first threshold so that it is configurablefor extensive or fast search.
 6. The method as claimed in claim 4,wherein, in the first stage, the bins of correlation values have widthscorresponding to 2n, n being an integer larger than 1, and thecorrelation values are assigned to the respective bins by right shiftingwith n bits.
 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the firststage, adjacent correlation values above the first threshold aregrouped, and a highest correlation value in such group is processed. 8.The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the second stage, thesecond threshold value is, for being configurable for extensive or fastsearch, based on a weighted average of the correlation values of thesecondary synchronization channel code groups corresponding to selectedpossible base station slot boundaries corresponding to delay hits abovethe first threshold.
 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, furthercomprising: basing the second threshold value is based on a histogram ofbins of correlation values; determining a bin above the average that haszero or a minimum of delay hits; and setting the second thresholdaccording to the determined bin.
 10. The method as claimed in claim 1,further comprising: taking a soft decision by determining a correlationtable for every SSCH code and all possible frame delays using the slotaligned input signal; and using the correlation table, selecting thecode words and frame delays with a correlation value above the secondthreshold for processing in the third stage.
 11. The method as claimedin claim 10, wherein taking the soft decision comprises: computing thecorrelation value with every SSCH code for every slot; and subsequentlyforming a correlation matrix by accumulating correlations for everycode-word and every delay so as to calculate the correlation between acode word and a slot only once.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 1,further comprising: computing an average correlation value based on allcorrelations with said codes in the detected group; and setting a thirdthreshold based on the average correlation value.
 13. The method asclaimed in claim 1, wherein said detecting the scrambling code comprisesat least one of determining a correlation with a primary scrambling codeon a common pilot channel for detecting each respective one of saidmultiple base stations; determining the correlation values based on anon-coherent correlation scheme by non-coherent accumulation computed onmultiple windows.
 14. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein thewindow size is determined, while using scrambling codes that arepseudo-random codes, on one hand as wide as possible so as to avoidcross-correlation between such scrambling codes, and on the other hand,as small as possible to avoid canceling sums due to phase wrap due topossible frequency offset between clocks in the base station and thereceiving station.
 15. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein thewindow size is determined to, at least one of be in the range of 1000 to5000 chips , while using a code having 38400 chips; cover an integernumber of symbols; be 1536 chips.
 16. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein one or more of the first and second threshold are adapted for afirst operational mode for enabling a relatively fast search fordetermining a nearby base station, and a second operational mode forenabling a relatively extensive search for determining a multitude ofbase stations. 17-20. (canceled)